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INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS

We had seen about the artificial intelligence Now, we will discussing about what is intelligence and what are the intelligence systems?



Article includes :

  * What is intelligence?
  * Types of intelligence
  * Theories of intelligence 
  * IQ
  * Intelligence composed of ?


What is Intelligence?


The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from 
experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend 
complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.



Types of intelligence systems :


  
     
 Type  Description Example
 Linguistic intelligence Ability to create speak, recognize,use mechanism of phonology (speed sound),syntax(grammar),semantic(meaning) Narrators,
Oraters
 Musical intelligence ability to create communication with and understanding meaning made of the sound, understanding of pitch,rhythm musicians,
Singers
Composers
 Logical mathematical intelligence ability to create use and understand relationships in absence of action or objects.understanding complex and abstract ideas. Mathematician,
Scientists
 Spatial intelligence ability to perceive visual or spatial information,change it and recreate visual images without reference to objects, constant 3D images and to move and rotate them map readers,
Astronauts,
Physicists
 Bodily kinesthetic intelligence ability to use, complete or part of body to solve problems or fashion products, control over fine, and worse motor skills and manipulate objects players,
Dancers
 Intra personal intelligence ability to distinguish among one's own feelings,intensions and motivations Gautam Buddha
 Inter personal intelligence ability to recognize and make distinctions among other people's feelings, beliefs and intensions mass communicators,
Interviewers


Theories of Intelligence



Different researchers have proposed a variety of theories to explain the nature of intelligence. Here are some of the major theories of intelligence that have emerged during the last 100 years.

General Intelligence

British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.

People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed.

Primary Mental Abilities

Psychologist Louis L.Thurstone (1887–1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities.
  1. Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall
  2. Numerical ability: The ability to solve arithmetic problems
  3. Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects
  4. Reasoning: The ability to find rules
  5. Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationshipsVerbal
  6. comprehension: The ability to define and understand words
  7. Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner proposed that the traditional idea of intelligence, based on IQ testing, did not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life."

While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he suggested that some of Gardner's types of intelligenceare better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed what he referred to as "successful intelligence,"

IQ : INTELLIGENT QUETIONENT.


What is the IQ test ?

IQ test which is also known as ‘Intelligence Quotient’ test, comes in various forms. It was first used in France to diagnose students with learning disabilities so they receive what nowadays is called special education. At the present time, it’s not only used to identify those with mental disabilities but also to identify those who are intellectually gifted.

How is my IQ score calculated? 

An IQ score is calculated based on a norm group with an average score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. The standard deviation of 15 means, 68% of individuals have scored between 85 and 115. This means the average score will always be 100 and 95% of individuals will score between 70 and 130.

What is composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of:


1. Reasoning
2. Learning
3. Problem Solving
4. Perception
5. Linguistic Intelligence



Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

  • Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and data.
  • Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store and recall, as it is simple.
  •  Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot correctly.
Books :

There are many Books available on intelligence. 



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