4 types Of AI (Depending upon functionality)

   

    Machines understand verbal commands, distinguish pictures, drive cars and play games better than we do.

artificial intelligence is developing day by day. But what are its developing stages, is the frequent question that our mind searches regularly.

          There are originally main 4 stages of developing of the AI.

Let's go through it 

1. Reactive machines.

2.limited memory.

3.theory of mind.

4.self awareness.

HOW MANY TYPES  OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARE THERE?

There are four types of Artificial intelligence: reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self-awareness.

1. REACTIVE MACHINES

1. The most basic types of AI systems are purely reactive, and have the ability neither to form memories nor to use past experiences to inform current decisions.
2. Reactive machines are basic in that they do not store ‘memories’ or use past experiences to determine future actions. They simply perceive the world and react to it. IBM’s Deep Blue, which defeated chess grandmaster Kasporov, is a reactive machine that sees the pieces on a chess board and reacts to them. It cannot refer to any of its prior experiences, and cannot improve with practice.
3. Deep Blue was created to play chess against a human competitor with intent to defeat the competitor. It was programmed with the ability to identify a chess board and its pieces while understanding the pieces’ functions. Deep Blue could make predictions about what moves it should make and the moves its opponent might make, thus having an enhanced ability to predict, select, and win. In a series of matches played between 1996 and 1997, Deep Blue defeated Russian chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov 3½ to 2½ games, becoming the first computerized program to defeat a human opponent.
4. But it doesn’t have any concept of the past, nor any memory of what has happened before. Apart from a rarely used chess-specific rule against repeating the same move three times, Deep Blue ignores everything before the present moment. All it does is look at the pieces on the chess board as it stands right now, and choose from possible next moves.
5. Google's AlphaGo, which has beaten top human Go experts, can’t evaluate all potential future moves either. Its analysis method is more sophisticated than Deep Blue’s, using a neural network to evaluate the game development.
6. These methods do improve the ability of AI systems to play specific games better, but they can’t be easily changed or applied to other situations. These computerized imaginations have no concept of the wider world – meaning they can’t function beyond the specific tasks they’re assigned.

2.Limited memory

1. This Type II class contains machines can look into the past. Self-driving cars do some of this already. For example, they observe other cars’ speed and direction. That can’t be done in a just one moment, but rather requires identifying specific objects and monitoring them over time.
2. These observations are added to the self-driving cars’ preprogrammed representations of the world, which also include lane markings, traffic lights and other important elements, like curves in the road. They’re included when the car decides when to change lanes, to avoid cutting off another driver or being hit by a nearby car.
3.  AI has a short-lived or a temporary memory that can be used to store past experiences and hence evaluate future actions.
4. But these simple pieces of information about the past are only transient. They aren’t saved as part of the car’s library of experience it can learn from, the way human drivers compile experience over years behind the wheel.
5. Almost all present-day AI applications, from chatbots and virtual assistants to self-driving vehicles are all driven by limited memory AI.

3. Theory of mind

1. Machines in the next, more advanced, class not only form representations about the world, but also about other Agents or entities in the world. In psychology, this is called "The theory of mind " the understanding that people, creatures and objects in the world can have thoughts and emotions that affect their own behavior.This type of AI will focus mainly on emotional intelligence so that human believes and thoughts can be better comprehended.
2. Without understanding each other’s motives and intentions, and without taking into account what somebody else knows either about me or the environment, working together is at best difficult, at worst impossible.
3. If AI systems are indeed ever to walk among us, they’ll have to be able to understand that each of us has thoughts and feelings and expectations for how we’ll be treated. And they’ll have to adjust their behavior accordingly.

4.Self-awareness

1. The final step of AI development is to build systems that can form representations about themselves. Ultimately, we AI researchers will have to not only understand consciousness, but build machines that have it.
2. This is, in a sense, an extension of the “theory of mind” possessed by Type III artificial intelligences. Consciousness is also called “self-awareness” for a reason.
3. Conscious beings are aware of themselves, know about their internal states, and are able to predict feelings of others
4. While we are probably far from creating machines that are self-aware, we should focus our efforts toward understanding memory, learning and the ability to base decisions on past experiences. This is an important step to understand human intelligence on its own.