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Robotics

   


      Robotics is a domain in artificial intelligence that deals with the study of creating intelligent and efficient robots.Robots are the artificial agents acting in real world environment. 
       Robots are aimed at manipulating the objects by perceiving, picking, moving, modifying the physical properties of object, destroying it, or to have an effect thereby freeing manpower from doing repetitive functions without getting bored, distracted, or exhausted.
       Robotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science for designing, construction, and application of robots. 


Aspects of Robotics
  1. The robots have mechanical construction, form, or shape designed to accomplish a particular task.
  2.  They contain some level of computer program that determines what, when and how  robot does something.
  3. They have electrical components which power and control the machinery.


Components of a Robot
Robots are constructed with the following:


  •  Power Supply: The robots are powered by batteries, solar power, hydraulic, or 
    pneumatic power sources. 
  • Actuators: They convert energy into movement.
  • Electric motors (AC/DC): They are required for rotational movement.
  •  Pneumatic Air Muscles: They contract almost 40% when air is sucked in them.
  • Muscle Wires: They contract by 5% when electric current is passed through them.
  • Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: Best for industrial robots.
  •  Sensors: They provide knowledge of real time information on the task environment. Robots are equipped with vision sensors to be to compute the depth in the environment. A tactile sensor imitates the mechanical properties of touch receptors of human fingertips.


Computer Vision

This is a technology of AI with which the robots can see. The computer vision plays vital role in the domains of safety, security, health, access, and entertainment.
Computer vision automatically extracts, analyzes, and comprehends useful information from a single image or an array of images. This process involves development of algorithms to accomplish automatic visual comprehension.



Hardware of Computer Vision System  This involves :
1.Power supply
2. Image acquisition device such as camera
3. a processor 
4. a software 
5. A display device for monitoring the system
6. Accessories such as camera stands, cables, and connectors


ApplicationDomainsof Computer Vision
  1.  autonomous vehicles
  2.  biometrics
  3. character recognition
  4.  forensics, security, and surveillance
  5. industrial quality inspection
  6.  face recognition
  7.  gesture analysis
  8. geoscience
  9.  medical imagery
  10.  pollution monitoring
  11. process control
  12. remote sensing


Speech and voice recognition


 
 Speech recognition voice recognition
 Speech recognition aims at understanding and comprehending what was spoken the objective of voice recognition is to recognise who is speaking
 It is used in hand free computing,map or menu navigation it analyzes persons tone,voice pitch and accent to identify a person
 Machine does not need training as it is speaker depedent the recognition system needs training as it is person oriented.


Working of Speech and Voice Recognition Systems 

The user input spoken at a microphone goes to sound card of the system. The converter turns the analog signal into equivalent digital signal for the speech processing. The database is used to compare the patterns to recognize the words. Finally, a reverse feedback is given to the database.
This source-language text becomes input to the Translation Engine, which converts it to the target language text. They are supported with interactive GUI, large database of vocabulary

Robot locomotion

Locomotion is the mechanism that makes a robot capable of moving in its environment. There are various types of locomotions:
1. Legged
2. Wheeled
3. Combination of Legged and Wheeled Locomotion
4. Tracked slip/skid


Legged Locomotion

1.   This type of locomotion consumes more power while demonstrating walk, jump, trot, 
hop, climb up or down, etc.
2.   It requires more number of motors to accomplish a movement. It is suited for rough as well as smooth terrain where irregular or too smooth surface makes it consume 
more power for a wheeled locomotion. It is little difficult to implement because of 
stability issues.
3.  It comes with the variety of one, two, four, and six legs. If a robot has multiple legs 
then leg coordination is necessary for locomotion. 


Wheeled Locomotion

1. It requires fewer number of motors to accomplish a movement. It is little easy to implement as there are less stability issues in case of more number of wheels. It is power efficient as compared to legged locomotion.
2. Standard wheel: Rotates around the wheel axle and around the contact
3.  Castor wheel: Rotates around the wheel axle and the offset steering joint 
4. Swedish 45° and Swedish 90° wheels: Omni-wheel, rotates around the contact 
point, around the wheel axle, and around the rollers. 
5. Ball or spherical wheel: Omnidirectional wheel, technically difficult to implement.


Slip/Skid Locomotion

In this type, the vehicles use tracks as in a tank. The robot is steered by moving the tracks with different speeds in the same or opposite direction. It offers stability because of large contact area of track and ground


Applications of Robotics

The robotics has been instrumental in the various domains such as:
✨ Industries: Robots are used for handling material, cutting, welding, color coating, 
drilling, polishing, etc.
✨ Military: Autonomous robots can reach inaccessible and hazardous zones during war.
A robot named Daksh, developed by Defense Research and Development Organization 
(DRDO), is in function to destroy life-threatening objects safely.
✨ Medicine: The robots are capable of carrying out hundreds of clinical tests 
simultaneously, rehabilitating permanently disabled people, and performing complex 
surgeries such as brain tumors.
✨ The robot rock climbers used for space exploration, underwater drones 
used for ocean exploration are to name a few.
✨ Entertainment: Disney’s engineers have created hundreds of robots for movie 
making.



 
 AI programme  Robots
 They usually operate in computer simulated world it operates in a real physical world
 The input to AI programme is in symbols and rules the input to robots in analog signal in form of speech, waveform or image
 They need general purpose computer to operation on they need special hardware with sensors and effectors

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